Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle
The Subtopic Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle tackles the challenge of a future carbon-neutral society, which needs
- renewable energy sources,
- carbon-based materials recycling technologies, and
- integrated process chains
combining both of the aforementioned technologies.
Possible cycles of carbon in the circular economy
In a future independent of fossil hydrocarbons, carbon will be available from
- biomass,
- from anthropogenic wastes and residue streams, and from
- unavoidable concentrated CO2-streams.
Thus, the feedstock basis of chemical industry and transportation fuels will change dramatically. The manufacturing of chemical products always requires carbon feedstocks.
Feedstocks, material flows, processes and digitization of the Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle
Key-enabling technologies of a circular carbon economy (Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle)
- Pyrolysis
- Fast pyrolysis of (residual) biomass
- Intermediate pyrolysis of plastic waste
- Entrained flow gasification
- Upgrading
- Hot gas cleaning
- Syngas fermentation
- Structure-property-process relations of materials
- Algae value chain
In the long-term, carbon-based compounds will be needed as energy carriers with high energy density and storability. In order to meet the targets of the Climate Protection Plan of the German Government, additional short-term measures need to be implemented specifically for the transportation sector. Advanced hydrocarbon fuels and oxygenates will have to play an important role in this scenario. The market introduction of these fuels can be based on the existing logistics infrastructure, which makes them especially important for the transition period. Their use will be an important long-term option for applications in which high energy density fuels are of particular importance.
Plastic waste recycling has to be a major pillar of the carbon cycle concept. The updated European Union regulatory framework forming the basis for national legislation sets the CE targets to be incorporated into the climate objectives: the 2008 Waste Framework Directive in which recovery operations/ recycling were made the guiding principle demands 65 weight-% recycling of municipal solid waste by 2030. A dramatic change in plastics recycling is required by the first EU plastics strategy (2018): 55 % of plastic waste will have to be recycled in 2030. This is equivalent to a surplus recycling capacity of approx. 11 million t/a in the EU.
In particular, recycling by producing chemicals (chemical recycling, waste-to-chemicals) has to be supported by new technologies, as real waste is a complex mixture of often chemically bound organic and inorganic materials that cannot be fully separated by physical processes.
Selected Projects
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Publications
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Casel, M.; Oberleithner, K.; Zhang, F.; Zirwes, T.; Bockhorn, H.; Trimis, D.; Kaiser, T. L.
Resolvent-based modelling of coherent structures in a turbulent jet flame using a passive flame approach
2022. Combustion and Flame, 236, Art.-Nr.: 111695. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111695 -
Netsch, N.
Recycling of polystyrene-based external thermal insulation composite systems - Application of combined mechanical and chemical recycling
2022. Waste management, (150), 141–150. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.001 -
Jin, O.; Shang, Y.; Huang, X.; Mu, X.; Szabó, D. V.; Le, T. T.; Wagner, S.; Kübel, C.; Pistidda, C.; Pundt, A.
Microstructural Study of MgB2 in the LiBH4-MgH2 Composite by Using TEM
2022. Nanomaterials, 12 (11), 1893. doi:10.3390/nano12111893 -
Christou, T.; Stelzner, B.; Zarzalis, N.
Spray response on a model prefilmer under unsteady airflows of various frequencies
2022. International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics, 14 (1-2), 9 S. doi:10.1177/17568277221092987 -
Zhang, Y.; Soldatov, S.; Papachristou, I.; Nazarova, N.; Link, G.; Frey, W.; Silve, A.
Pulsed microwave pretreatment of fresh microalgae for enhanced lipid extraction
2022. Energy, 248, Art.-Nr.: 123555. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.123555 -
Wachter, S.; Jakobs, T.; Kolb, T.
Mass Flow Scaling of Gas-Assisted Coaxial Atomizers
2022. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12 (4), Art.-Nr.: 2123. doi:10.3390/app12042123 -
Frey, W.; Nick, P.
Einsatz von Elektroimpulsen für die Biotechnologie von Mikroalgen
2022. BioSpektrum, 28 (1), 94–96. doi:10.1007/s12268-022-1688-7 -
Halim, R.; Papachristou, I.; Chen, G. Q.; Deng, H.; Frey, W.; Posten, C.; Silve, A.
The effect of cell disruption on the extraction of oil and protein from concentrated microalgae slurries
2022. Bioresource technology, 346, 126597. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126597 -
Guo, B.; Yang, B.; Weil, P.; Zhang, S.; Hornung, U.; Dahmen, N.
The Effect of Dichloromethane on Product Separation during Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Chlorella vulgaris and Aqueous Product Recycling for Algae Cultivation
2022. Energy & fuels, 36 (2), 922–931. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02523 -
Krust, D.; Gusbeth, C.; Müller, A. S. K.; Scherer, D.; Müller, G.; Frey, W.; Nick, P.
Biological signalling supports biotechnology – Pulsed electric fields extract a cell-death inducing factor from Chlorella vulgaris
2022. Bioelectrochemistry, 143, 107991. doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107991 -
Stockschläder, J.; Quicker, P.; Baumann, W.; Wexler, M.; Stapf, D.; Beckmann, M.; Thiel, C.; Hoppe, H.
Thermal treatment of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Part 2: Energy recovery and feedstock recycling)
2022. Waste Management and Research, 40 (6), 685–697. doi:10.1177/0734242X211038192
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Wang, X.; Funke, A.; Cheng, Y.-J.; Song, F.; Yin, S.; Liang, S.; Zuo, X.; Gao, J.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.; Xia, Y.
Continuous fast pyrolysis synthesis of TiO₂/C nanohybrid lithium-ion battery anode
2021. Nano select, 2 (9), 1770–1778. doi:10.1002/nano.202100015 -
Schmitt, C. C.; Fonseca, F. G.; Fraga, M. M. C.; Wisniewski, J., Alberto; Karp, S.; José, Á. H. M.; Rodrigues, R. C. L. B. L.; Moreira, R.; Hirayama, D. E.; Raffelt, K.; Dahmen, N.
Thermochemical and catalytic conversion technologies for the development of Brazilian biomass utilization
2021. Catalysts, 11 (12), 1549. doi:10.3390/catal11121549 -
Freund, H.; Sauer, J.; Wachsen, O.
„Circular Economy” – ein neues und zugleich altes Arbeitsgebiet der Reaktionstechnik
2021. Chemie - Ingenieur - Technik, 93 (5), 735. doi:10.1002/cite.202170502 -
Gehrmann, H.-J.; Jäger, B.; Wirtz, S.; Scherer, V.; Aleksandrov, K.; Hauser, M.; Stapf, D.; Pollmeier, G.; Danz, P.
Oscillating Combustion - Primary Measure to Reduce Nitrogen Oxide in a Grate Furnace - Experiments and Simulations
2021. Processes, 9 (12), Article no: 2210. doi:10.3390/pr9122210 -
Straczewski, G.; Mai, R.; Gerhards, U.; Garbev, K.; Leibold, H.
Catalytic Tar Conversion in Two Different Hot Syngas Cleaning Systems
2021. Catalysts, 11 (10), Article no: 1231. doi:10.3390/catal11101231 -
Zirwes, T.; Zhang, F.; Habisreuther, P.; Hansinger, M.; Bockhorn, H.; Pfitzner, M.; Trimis, D.
Correction to: Quasi-DNS Dataset of a Piloted Flame with Inhomogeneous Inlet Conditions
2021. Flow, turbulence and combustion, 107 (2), 517. doi:10.1007/s10494-021-00244-3 -
Jung, D.; Duman, G.; Zimmermann, M.; Kruse, A.; Yanik, J.
Hydrothermal carbonization of fructose—effect of salts and reactor stirring on the growth and formation of carbon spheres
2021. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. doi:10.1007/s13399-021-01782-6 -
Fonseca, F. G.; Soares Dias, A. P.
Almond shells: Catalytic fixed-bed pyrolysis and volatilization kinetics
2021. Renewable Energy, 180, 1380–1390. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.104 -
Schlundt, J.; Soldatov, S.; Frey, W.; Link, G.; Baumann, K.; Jelonnek, J.; Sack, M.; Hochberg, M.; Silve, A.
Conception and Development of a Pulsed Microwave Applicator for Exposure of Fresh Microalgae Biomass
2021. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 49 (9). doi:10.1109/TPS.2021.3101943 -
Zeller, M.; Netsch, N.; Richter, F.; Leibold, H.; Stapf, D.
Chemical Recycling of Mixed Plastic Wastes by Pyrolysis - Pilot Scale Investigations
2021. Chemie - Ingenieur - Technik, 93 (11), 1763–1770. doi:10.1002/cite.202100102 -
Kohansal, K.; Sharma, K.; Toor, S. S.; Sanchez, E. L.; Zimmermann, J.; Aistrup Rosendahl, L.; Pedersen, T. H.
Bio-Crude Production Improvement during Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biopulp by Simultaneous Application of Alkali Catalysts and Aqueous Phase Recirculation
2021. Energies, 14 (15), Art.-Nr.: 4492. doi:10.3390/en14154492 -
Hotz, C.; Haas, M.; Wachter, S.; Fleck, S.; Kolb, T.
Two-phase free jet model of an atmospheric entrained flow gasifier
2021. Fuel, 304, Art.-Nr.: 121392. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121392 -
Wachter, S.; Jakobs, T.; Kolb, T.
Comparison of Central Jet and Annular Sheet Atomizers at Identical Gas Momentum Flows
2021. Industrial & engineering chemistry research, 60 (30), 11502–11512. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01526 -
Niebel, A.; Funke, A.; Pfitzer, C.; Dahmen, N.; Weih, N.; Richter, D.; Zimmerlin, B.
Fast Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw - Improvements of Operational Stability in 10 Years of Bioliq Pilot Plant Operation
2021. Energy and Fuels, 35 (14), 11333–11345. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00851 -
Henrich, E.; Dahmen, N.; Pitter, S.; Sauer, J.
30 Jahre Institut für Heiße Chemie im Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe [30 Years Institute for Hot Chemistry at the Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe]
2021. Chemie - Ingenieur - Technik, 93 (11), 1667–1687. doi:10.1002/cite.202100064 -
Obeid, F.; Van, T. C.; Guo, B.; Surawski, N. C.; Hornung, U.; Brown, R. J.; Ramirez, J. A.; Thomas-Hall, S. R.; Stephens, E.; Hankamer, B.; Rainey, T.
The fate of nitrogen and sulphur during co-liquefaction of algae and bagasse: Experimental and multi-criterion decision analysis
2021. Biomass and bioenergy, 151, Art.Nr. 106119. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106119 -
Neuner, P.; Graf, D.; Mild, H.; Rauch, R.
Catalytic Hydroisomerisation of Fischer–Tropsch Waxes to Lubricating Oil and Investigation of the Correlation between Its Physical Properties and the Chemical Composition of the Corresponding Fuel Fractions
2021. Energies, 14 (14), Art.: 4202. doi:10.3390/en14144202 -
Tonpakdee, P.; Hongrapipat, J.; Siriwongrungson, V.; Pang, S.; Rauch, R.; Messner, M.; Henrich, C.; Pessl, P.; Dichand, M.
Replacement of Palm Methyl Ester to Rapeseed Methyl Ester for Tar Removal in the Nong Bua Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification Power Plant
2021. IOP conference series / Earth and environmental science, 801 (1), Art.-Nr.: 012021. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/801/1/012021 -
Hagen, F. P.; Bockhorn, H.; Störmer, H.; Loukou, A.; Suntz, R.; Trimis, D.
Nanostructural and morphological characteristics of single soot aggregates during low-temperature oxidation
2021. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38 (1), 1153–1161. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.338 -
Hufnagel, M.; May, N.; Wall, J.; Wingert, N.; Garcia-Käufer, M.; Arif, A.; Hübner, C.; Berger, M.; Mülhopt, S.; Baumann, W.; Weis, F.; Krebs, T.; Becker, W.; Gminski, R.; Stapf, D.; Hartwig, A.
Impact of Nanocomposite Combustion Aerosols on A549 Cells and a 3D Airway Model
2021. Nanomaterials, 11 (7), Art. Nr.: 1685. doi:10.3390/nano11071685 -
Prasong, M.; Siriwongrungson, V.; Hongrapipat, J.; Rauch, R.; Pang, S.; Messner, M.
Influence of Gasification Operating Parameters on Performance of the Nong Bua Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification System in Thailand
2021. Current Applied Science and Technology, 22 (1), 1–14. doi:10.55003/cast.2022.01.22.002 -
Langenthal, T. von; Sentko, M. M.; Schulz, S.; Stelzner, B.; Trimis, D.; Zarzalis, N.
Experimental characterization of flame structure and soot volume fraction of premixed kerosene jet A-1 and surrogate flames
2021. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11 (11), 4796. doi:10.3390/app11114796 -
Soares Dias, A. P.; Gomes Fonseca, F.; Catarino, M.; Gomes, J.
Biodiesel Glycerin Valorization into Oxygenated Fuel Additives
2021. Catalysis Letters. doi:10.1007/s10562-021-03646-0 -
Arcena, M. R.; Leong, S. Y.; Then, S.; Hochberg, M.; Sack, M.; Mueller, G.; Sigler, J.; Kebede, B.; Silcock, P.; Oey, I.
The effect of pulsed electric fields pre-treatment on the volatile and phenolic profiles of Merlot grape musts at different winemaking stages and the sensory characteristics of the finished wines
2021. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 70, Art.-Nr.: 102698. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102698 -
Mielke, K.; Wu, G.; Eberhard, M.; Kolb, T.; Müller, M.
Optimization of Slag Mobility of Biomass Fuels in a Pilot‐scale Entrained‐Flow Gasifier
2021. Chemical engineering & technology, 44 (7), Art. ceat.202000531. doi:10.1002/ceat.202000531 -
Schneider, C.; Zeller, M.; Böhm, D.; Kolb, T.
Influence of pressure on the gasification kinetics of two high-temperature beech wood chars with CO, HO and its mixture
2021. Fuel, 299, Art.-Nr. 120523. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120523 -
Kanbar, A.; Shakeri, E.; Alhajturki, D.; Riemann, M.; Bunzel, M.; Tomasi Morgano, M.; Stapf, M.; Stapf, D.; Nick, P.
Sweet versus grain sorghum: Differential sugar transport and accumulation are linked with vascular bundle architecture
2021. Industrial crops and products, 167, Article no: 113550. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113550 -
Volk, R.; Stallkamp, C.; Steins, J., J.; Yogish, S. P.; Müller, R., C.; Stapf, D.; Schultmann, F.
Techno‐economic assessment and comparison of different plastic recycling pathways: A German case study
2021. Journal of industrial ecology, 25 (5), 1318–1337. doi:10.1111/jiec.13145 -
Dahmen, N.; Sauer, J.
Evaluation of techno‐economic studies on the bioliq® process for synthetic fuels production from biomass
2021. Processes, 9 (4), Art.-Nr.: 684. doi:10.3390/pr9040684 -
Cao, Z.; Hülsemann, B.; Wüst, D.; Oechsner, H.; Lautenbach, A.; Kruse, A.
Effect of residence time during hydrothermal carbonization of biogas digestate on the combustion characteristics of hydrochar and the biogas production of process water
2021. Bioresource Technology, 333, Art.-Nr.: 125110. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125110 -
Tonpakdee, P.; Hongrapipat, J.; Siriwongrungson, V.; Rauch, R.; Pang, S.; Thaveesri, J.; Messner, M.; Kuba, M.; Hofbauer, H.
Influence of Solvent Temperature and Type on Naphthalene Solubility for Tar Removal in a Dual Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasification Process
2021. Current Applied Science and Technology, 21 (4), 751–760 -
Nestler, F.; Müller, V. P.; Salem, O.; Hadrich, M.; Schaadt, A.; Bajohr, S.; Kolb, T.
A Novel Approach for Kinetic Measurements in Exothermic Fixed Bed Reactors: Advancements in Non-Isothermal Bed Conditions Demonstrated for Methanol Synthesis
2021. Reaction chemistry & engineering. doi:10.1039/D1RE00071C -
Taghipour, A.; Hornung, U.; Ramirez, J. A.; Brown, R. J.; Rainey, T. J.
Fractional distillation of algae based hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude for co-processing: changes in the properties, storage stability, and miscibility with diesel
2021. Energy Conversion and Management, 236, Art.Nr.: 114005. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114005 -
Zhang, M.; Matthes, J.; Aleksandrov, K.; Gehrmann, H.-J.; Vogelbacher, M.
Detektion und Tracking von Brennstoffpartikeln auf Basis eines Lichtfeldkamerasystems = Detection and tracking of refuse-derived fuel particles based on a light field camera system
2021. Technisches Messen, 88 (6), 396–407. doi:10.1515/teme-2021-0016 -
Zimmermann, J.; Raffelt, K.; Dahmen, N.
Sequential hydrothermal processing of sewage sludge to produce low nitrogen biocrude
2021. Processes, 9 (3), Art.-Nr.: 491. doi:10.3390/pr9030491 -
Boukis, N.; Stoll, I. K.
Gasification of biomass in supercritical water, challenges for the process design—lessons learned from the operation experience of the first dedicated pilot plant
2021. Processes, 9 (3), 1–17. doi:10.3390/pr9030455 -
Freudenmann, T.; Gehrmann, H.-J.; Aleksandrov, K.; El-Haji, M.; Stapf, D.
Hybrid Models for Efficient Control, Optimization, and Monitoring of Thermo-Chemical Processes and Plants
2021. Processes, 9 (3), Article no: 515. doi:10.3390/pr9030515 -
Mohamed, A.; Valadez Sanchez, E. P.; Bogdanova, E.; Bergfeldt, B.; Mahmood, A.; Ostvald, R. V.; Hashem, T.
Efficient Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Zirconium-Based Composite Nanofiber Membranes
2021. Membranes, 11 (2), Article no: 147. doi:10.3390/membranes11020147 -
Karp, S. G.; Medina, J. D. C.; Letti, L. A. J.; Woiciechowski, A. L.; Carvalho, J. C. de; Schmitt, C. C.; Oliveira Penha, R. de; Kumlehn, G. S.; Soccol, C. R.
Bioeconomy and biofuels: the case of sugarcane ethanol in Brazil
2021. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. doi:10.1002/bbb.2195 -
Hennig, M.; Haase, M.
Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen enhanced methanol to gasoline process from biomass-derived synthesis gas
2021. Fuel processing technology, 216, Ar.-Nr. 106776. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106776 -
Konnerth, P.; Jung, D.; Straten, J. W.; Raffelt, K.; Kruse, A.
Metal oxide-doped activated carbons from bakery waste and coffee grounds for application in supercapacitors
2021. Materials science for energy technologies, 4, 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.mset.2020.12.008 -
Jolibois, N.; Aleksandrov, K.; Hauser, M.; Stapf, D.; Seifert, H.; Matthes, J.; Waibel, P.; Vogelbacher, M.; Keller, H. B.; Gehrmann, H.-J.
Analysis of Oscillating Combustion for NOx-Reduction in Pulverized Fuel Boilers
2021. Inventions, 6 (9), Article no: 9. doi:10.3390/inventions6010009 -
Papachristou, I.; Akaberi, S.; Silve, A.; Navarro-López, E.; Wüstner, R.; Leber, K.; Nazarova, N.; Müller, G.; Frey, W.
Analysis of the lipid extraction performance in a cascade process for Scenedesmus almeriensis biorefinery
2021. Biotechnology for biofuels, 14 (1), Article: 20. doi:10.1186/s13068-020-01870-1 -
Taghipour, A.; Hornung, U.; Ramirez, J. A.; Brown, R. J.; Rainey, T. J.
Aqueous phase recycling in catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction for algal biomass and the effect on elemental accumulation and energy efficiency
2021. Journal of cleaner production, 289, Article: 125582. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125582 -
Fan, Y.; Fonseca, F. G.; Gong, M.; Hoffmann, A.; Hornung, U.; Dahmen, N.
Energy valorization of integrating lipid extraction and hydrothermal liquefaction of lipid-extracted sewage sludge
2021. Journal of cleaner production, 285, Art.Nr. 124895. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124895 -
Sentko, M. M.; Schulz, S.; Stelzner, B.; Anderlohr, C.; Vicari, M.; Trimis, D.
Experimental investigation of the pressure influence on flame structure of fuel-rich oxy-fuel methane flames for synthesis gas production
2021. Fuel, 286, Art.-Nr.: 119377. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119377 -
Wang, C.; Wu, C.; Hornung, U.; Zhu, W.; Dahmen, N.
Suppression of tar and char formation in supercritical water gasification of sewage sludge by additive addition
2021. Chemosphere, 262, Article: 128412. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128412 -
Gruber, M.; Wiedmann, D.; Haas, M.; Harth, S.; Loukou, A.; Trimis, D.
Insights into the catalytic CO₂ methanation of a boiling water cooled fixed-bed reactor: Simulation-based analysis
2021. The chemical engineering journal, 406, Article no: 126788. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126788
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Sack, M.; Ruf, J.; Herzog, D.; Mueller, G.
Auxiliary Power Supply for a Semiconductor-based Marx Generator
2021. 2021 International Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP) & 2021 International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM): 2-3 September 2021, Brasov, Romania, 220–224, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi:10.1109/OPTIM-ACEMP50812.2021.9590076 -
Sack, M.; Hochberg, M.; Herzog, D.; Mueller, G.
Fast sic-mosfet switch with gate boosting technology
2021. PCIM Europe digital days 2021 : International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings, 3 - 7 May 2021, 40–46, VDE Verlag -
Shamma, M.; Harth, S. R.; Zarzalis, N.; Trimis, D.; Hoffmann, S.; Koch, R.; Bauer, H.-J.; Langone, L.; Galeotti, S.; Andreini, A.
Investigation of Adjacent Lifted Flames Interaction in an Inline and Inclined Multi-Burner Arrangement
2021. Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition Volume 3B : ASME Turbo Expo 2021 Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition GT2021June 7-11, 2021, Virtual, Online, Art.-Nr. V03BT04A020, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/GT2021-59941 -
Schwagerus, A.; Habisreuther, P.; Zarzalis, N.
Lean-Blow-Out Simulation of Natural Gas Fueled, Premixed Turbulent Jet Flame Arrays With LES and FGM-Modeling
2021. Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition Volume 3A : ASME Turbo Expo 2021 Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition GT2021 June 7-11, 2021, Virtual, Online, Art.-Nr: V03AT04A026, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). doi:10.1115/GT2021-58938 -
Tonpakdee, P.; Hongrapipat, J.; Siriwongrungson, V.; Pang, S.; Rauch, R.; Messner, M.
Solubility of Tar Model Compounds in Various Solvents for Tar Removal in a Dual Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasification Process
2021. 7th International Conference on Environment and Renewable Energy, 26-28 March 2021, Qingdao, China, Art.-Nr.: 012010, Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd (IOP Publishing Ltd). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/798/1/012010 -
Schmitt, C. C.; Moreira, R.; Raffelt, K.; Hoj, M.; Jensen, A. D.; Grunwaldt, J.-D.; Dahmen, N.
Evaluation of nickel-based catalysts for hydrotreatment of bio-oil model compound mixtures in a continuous flow reactor: Selectivity and resistance to sulfur poisoning
2021. European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings, 29th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, EUBCE 2021, Virtual, Online, 26 April 2021 - 29 April 2021, 934–941, ETA-Florence Renewable Energies